Differences Between GHB and GBL -

Differences Between GHB and GBL. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a compound with both medical and illicit uses. Known for its impact on the central nervous system, GHB has been a topic of medical research, controversy, and regulation. This guide explores the various aspects of GHB, from its medical applications to its risks, misuse, and alternatives.

What is GHB Used for Medically?

GHB is approved for specific medical uses, primarily:

Treatment of Narcolepsy: GHB (marketed as sodium oxybate) helps manage cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy patients.
Anesthetic Agent: Historically, GHB was used as an anesthetic due to its sedative properties, though this is now uncommon.

How Does GHB Affect the Brain?

GHB affects the brain by acting on GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) receptors, which regulate inhibitory neurotransmission. This leads to:

Sedation and relaxation.
Enhanced slow-wave sleep.
A euphoric effect when used recreationally, caused by increased dopamine release at lower doses.

GHB and Its Role in Narcolepsy Treatment

GHB is crucial in managing narcolepsy, particularly:

Reducing cataplexy episodes by increasing restorative deep sleep.
Enhancing overall sleep quality and reducing daytime fatigue.
It is marketed under the brand name Xyrem or newer formulations like Xywav with reduced sodium content.

Side Effects of GHB in Medical Use

While effective, GHB can cause side effects, such as:

Dizziness and nausea.
Headaches and confusion.
Rare but severe risks of respiratory depression and dependency.
Close monitoring by healthcare professionals is essential when using GHB therapeutically.

Approved Medical Alternatives to GHB in the UK

For conditions like narcolepsy, alternatives to GHB include:

Modafinil: A wakefulness-promoting agent.
Armodafinil: An enantiopure formulation of modafinil.
Pitolisant: A histamine receptor agonist that improves wakefulness.

What Are the Risks of Using GHB?

The risks associated with GHB include:

High potential for misuse due to its euphoric effects.
Dependence and withdrawal symptoms with prolonged use.
Overdose risks, especially when mixed with alcohol or other depressants.

GHB Overdose Symptoms and Treatment

Signs of a GHB overdose include:

Severe drowsiness or unconsciousness.
Respiratory depression.
Vomiting and seizures.
Treatment:
Emergency medical care is vital.
Supportive measures include maintaining airway and breathing.
No specific antidote exists; treatment is symptomatic.

How GHB Is Misused as a Recreational Drug.

GHB is misused recreationally for its sedative and euphoric effects. It is often referred to as:

A “club drug” in party scenes.
A “date rape drug” due to its incapacitating effects.

Signs of GHB Addiction and Withdrawal

Signs of addiction include:

Compulsive use and inability to stop despite adverse effects.
Tolerance and need for higher doses.
Withdrawal Symptoms:
Insomnia and anxiety.
Tremors and rapid heart rate.
Severe cases may lead to seizures.

What to Do in Case of GHB Poisoning

In the event of GHB poisoning:

Call emergency services immediately.
Ensure the person’s airway remains open.
Avoid inducing vomiting.

What Is GHB and How Is It Made?

GHB is a naturally occurring compound in the human brain. It can also be synthesized in laboratories using gamma-butyrolactone (GBL) and sodium hydroxide. This synthesis is tightly controlled due to legal restrictions.

The History of GHB as a Medical Drug

Discovered in the 1960s, GHB was initially studied for anesthetic purposes.
Its sedative properties led to recreational misuse in the 1980s and 1990s.
Today, its primary medical use is in managing narcolepsy.

Why Is GHB Classified as a Controlled Drug?

Due to its:

High Abuse Potential: Its euphoric effects make it a target for misuse.
Health Risks: Overdose risks and association with criminal activities like drug-facilitated assault.
It is classified as a Class C drug in the UK under the Misuse of Drugs Act.